Decades ago, as an undergraduate, I attended a dorm presentation about sexual consent. The workshop clearly stated that ignoring a partner’s “no” or “stop” constituted rape. A high-profile athlete was incredulous, claiming that by this definition, his past actions were criminal. His dismissal of the concept shocked me, but others laughed, indicating a shared misunderstanding of consent.
This memory resurfaced with news of an alleged sexual assault by fraternity members at Cornell University. As a social psychologist and author on silence in problematic behavior, I find it tragic that reportedly over 50 men in a group chat were aware of the assault, yet none reported intervening.
In about one-third of sexual assaults, bystanders are present but often choose not to intervene.
Misperceptions of Peer Attitudes
Data shows that a minority of men commit sexual assault. Around 6.5% of male college students in the U.S. and Canada have committed rape. However, many men who find sexual violence offensive believe—incorrectly—that their peers do not. Studies reveal that men believe their friends and classmates support rape myths more than they, themselves do.
This false belief can prevent intervention. An individual’s perception of peer attitudes greatly influences their willingness to act against sexual aggression, often more so than their personal beliefs.
Understanding and Correcting Misbelief
Men’s fear of ridicule and a desire not to appear weak contribute to their silence in the face of sexual violence. Men who commit assaults often think their peers support them, further perpetuating harmful behaviors.
Educating men about the commonality of opposing views can help. Programs that challenge myths, emphasize consent, and correct misperceptions reduce sexual aggression among first-year college men over time.
Changing Group Norms and Encouraging Intervention
Pressure to align with group norms often dissuades intervention in problematic situations. Yet, the same dynamics can shift norms towards intervention. A football player once stated that looking out for teammates can mean preventing harmful encounters, even if it costs personal opportunities.
Programs teaching bystander intervention strategies reinforce the importance of stopping incipient misconduct. Students in these programs report more confidence and willingness to intervene, leading to significantly reduced sexual violence rates on campuses. A study showed a reduction in sexual harassment and non-consensual activity following such education.
The Cornell incident is not isolated. Many ignore problematic behavior, presuming their perceptions are shared. Understanding psychological misperceptions and learning intervention strategies can spur change.
Remember, a free press and civil discourse are vital for a healthy democracy.